Correction, Retraction, and Research Misconduct

1. Handling allegations of research misconduct

Research misconduct includes fabrication, falsification, plagiarism (including self-plagiarism), unjustified authorship, undisclosed conflicts of interest, and duplicate submission. Anyone can report a concern to the editorial office at lppm@abulyatama.ac.id. The journal handles every report through these steps, following COPE flowcharts, and keeps a written record of each step:

1. Initial evidence check by the Editor-in-Chief.
2. Clarification: the authors are asked to respond within 14 days.
3. Investigation, involving reviewers or the authors' institution where needed.
4. Decision by the Editor-in-Chief and the publisher.
5. Corrective action as described below.

2. Types of corrective action

• Correction (erratum or corrigendum) when an error does not change the main findings or conclusions.
• Retraction when misconduct or a serious error makes the data, findings, or conclusions unreliable.
• Withdrawal when a manuscript has not yet been formally published.

3. How notices are published

Correction and retraction notices are open access and state the article concerned, the type of action, the reason, and who decided it. Notices are linked to the original article. Retracted articles are not deleted: the article page, the PDF, and the metadata are clearly marked "Retracted".

4. Post-publication discussion

Readers may send comments or questions about a published article to lppm@abulyatama.ac.id. The editor forwards relevant comments to the authors, and substantive discussion may be published as a Letter to the Editor.